{"id":303,"date":"2017-10-02T17:59:17","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T14:59:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/?p=303"},"modified":"2021-10-19T14:17:59","modified_gmt":"2021-10-19T11:17:59","slug":"the-drama-proper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/the-drama-proper\/","title":{"rendered":"The Drama Proper"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>As mentioned already earlier, the <i>Natyashastra<\/i> regards the text as the basis of theatre. How the text is then employed and constructed varies greatly in different styles of theatre. It can be, for example, written as a drama script with dialogue combining prose and verse or it can be recited or sung by singers while the actors mainly mime the actions and reactions described in the text etc.<\/p>\n<p>The plots of the plays are regularly supplied by the <i>Puranas<\/i>, or the mythological stories, and <a href=\"http:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/early-literature-and-theatre\/#greatepics\">the great epics, the <i>Mahabharata<\/i> and the <i>Ramayana<\/i><\/a>, already described above<b><\/b>. These corner stones of Indian thinking and imagery served the culture more or less similarly as the ancient Greek literature and mythology did in the Western world. They have been recycled and reinterpreted again and again for over two millennia.<\/p>\n<h2><i>Bhakti<\/i>, Ecstatic Love<\/h2>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 12%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-303 gallery-columns-8 gallery-size-full'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in029.jpg'><img width=\"600\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in029.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-963\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-963'>\n\t\t\t\tKrishna\u2019s <em>ras<\/em> dance with the <em>gopis<\/em> or cowherd girls, painting on silk, Dansmuseet, Stockholm <span>Jukka O. Miettinen<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl>\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both' \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>During medieval times a new literary genre became a popular subject particularly for <i>lasya<\/i> (soft, feminine) style narrative solo dance forms. It was the ecstatic <i>bhakti<\/i> poetry. <i>Bhakti<\/i> was, and still is, an extremely popular form of Hinduism in which the complicated rituals, <i>yoga<\/i> systems etc. are replaced by loving devotion towards a god which is seen as the personal lover of the devotee, a <i>bhakti<\/i> poet, and the dancer enacting a <i>bhakti<\/i> poem.<\/p>\n<p>Among numerous poets it was the 12<sup>th<\/sup> century Jayadeva who was the definite trendsetter for the whole <i>bhakti<\/i> movement. His <i>Song of the Dark Lord<\/i> or <i>Gita Govinda<\/i> (also <i>Geeta Govinda<\/i>) has enjoyed phenomenal popularity and influenced all genres of <i>bhakti<\/i> art all over the subcontinent.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 50%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-303 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-full'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in030.jpg'><img width=\"400\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-964\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-964'>\n\t\t\t\tA dance pose indicating Krishna playing the flute <span>Sakari Viika<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in031.jpg'><img width=\"400\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/in031.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-965\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-965'>\n\t\t\t\tA dance pose indicating Krishna with his peacock-feather crown playing the flute <span>Sakari Viika<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>The most popular gods of the <i>bhakti<\/i> worship are Shiva and Krishna, the flute-playing dark, dancing youth who, in fact, is an <i>avatar<\/i> or incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Jayadeva wrote his poetic work, <i>Gita Govinda<\/i>, structured in 12 poems or cantos, in Sanskrit. It describes the passionate and stormy love life of Krishna and his main beloved, Radha. It is known that Jayadeva wrote it to be danced as a kind of offering to Lord Krishna.<\/p>\n<p><i>Bhakti<\/i> poems are most often simply sung while a solo dancer enacts the poem and assumes both the roles of the devotee and the beloved god. These <i>abhinaya<\/i>, or mimetic sections, often alternate with pure <i>nrtta<\/i> dances, as will be discussed later in connection with the famous <i>lasya<\/i>&#8211; style dance genres, such as <i>baharatanatyam, mohiniattam<\/i>, and <i>orissi<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p><i>Bhakti<\/i> poetry, however, also inspired actual drama literature, for example, in the case of the <i>krishnanatam<\/i> of Kerala. It also served as a vital source for popular forms of pilgrimage theatre, such as <i>krishnalila<\/i> and <i>ramlila<\/i>, both discussed later.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As mentioned already earlier, the Natyashastra regards the text as the basis of theatre. How the text is then employed and constructed varies greatly in different styles of theatre. It can be, for example, written as a drama script with dialogue combining prose and verse or it can be recited or sung by singers while [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2385,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[13],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=303"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3421,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/303\/revisions\/3421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=303"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/disco.teak.fi\/asia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}